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Mass-action law in semiconductors:
An = p
Bn + p = constant
Cn × p = n_i² (regardless of doping)
Dn - p = 0
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C. n × p = n_i² (regardless of doping)
Law of mass action: n × p = n_i² (constant at given temperature). For n-type: n ≈ N_d, p = n_i²/N_d (small). For p-type: p ≈ N_a, n = n_i²/N_a. Independent of doping level.
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