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For n-bit ADC with full-scale V_FS, resolution (LSB) is:

AV_FS / 2^n (smallest detectable step)
BRandom
CV_FS × n
DV_FS
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. V_FS / 2^n (smallest detectable step)
ADC resolution = LSB = V_FS / 2^n. For 12-bit, 5V FS: ~1.22 mV/step. SNR (ideal) = 6.02n + 1.76 dB. Quantization noise: LSB/√12 (uniform). Higher resolution → smaller steps but more bits → slower or more silicon.
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