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For a half-wave rectifier with input V_m sin(ωt), DC output (avg) is:

A2V_m/π
BV_m
CV_m/2
DV_m/π (≈ 0.318 V_m)
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. V_m/π (≈ 0.318 V_m)
**Half-wave rectifier:** conducts only positive half-cycle (negative blocked by diode). **Average over full cycle:** V_avg = V_m/π. **RMS:** V_m/2. Ripple high (γ = 1.21). Used in low-power applications. **Full-wave:** V_avg = 2V_m/π.
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