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For sinusoidal v(t) = V_m cos(ωt), peak-to-peak value:

AV_m
BV_m/2
CV_m × √2
D2V_m (from +V_m to -V_m)
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. 2V_m (from +V_m to -V_m)
**Peak-to-peak:** V_pp = V_max - V_min = V_m - (-V_m) = 2V_m. **RMS:** V_m/√2. Average over half-cycle: 2V_m/π. **Form factor:** RMS/avg = π/(2√2) ≈ 1.11. Crest factor: peak/RMS = √2 for sin.
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