Besides inserting a management rights clause, how else can management protect its authority in a labor agreement?

1. A management rights clause works by exception, keeping everything the contract does not remove. 2. The second method works by exclusion instead, listing subjects that are not open to bargaining at all. 3. Such a list can secure the right to schedule work hours and to hire and fire workers. 4. It can also secure the right to set production standards and to fix the number of supervisors in each department. 5. It commonly covers the right to promote, demote, and transfer workers as well. 6. Refusing to sign anything is not a bargaining technique but a refusal to bargain, and paying above market rates buys goodwill without protecting any specific right. _Source: OpenStax Introduction to Business (CC BY 4.0), Ch 8 "Managing Human Resources and Labor Relations", section Management Rights_