SCHOOLS OF JURISPRUDENCE include:
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A.
1. Major SCHOOLS OF JURISPRUDENCE:
2. (i) NATURAL LAW: law is derived from morality/reason; key thinkers — St. Thomas Aquinas, Hugo Grotius, John Locke; modern: John Finnis, Lon Fuller.
3. (ii) ANALYTICAL POSITIVISM: law is a social fact, separable from morality; key thinkers — Jeremy Bentham, John Austin (command theory), Hans Kelsen (pure theory), H.L.A. Hart, Joseph Raz.
4. (iii) HISTORICAL: law is the product of historical evolution and the volksgeist (spirit of the people); key thinkers — Friedrich Carl von Savigny, Henry Maine.
5. (iv) SOCIOLOGICAL: law as a social institution; functional analysis; key thinkers — Roscoe Pound (social engineering), Eugen Ehrlich (living law), Émile Durkheim, Max Weber.
6. (v) AMERICAN LEGAL REALISM: focus on what courts actually do; key thinkers — Oliver Wendell Holmes, Karl Llewellyn, Jerome Frank.
7. (vi) CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES (CLS): law as ideology; reveal hidden hierarchies and class biases; key thinkers — Roberto Unger, Duncan Kennedy, Mark Tushnet.
8. (vii) FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE: gender critique of law; key thinkers — Catharine MacKinnon, Carol Gilligan.
9. (viii) CRITICAL RACE THEORY (CRT): race critique; key thinkers — Derrick Bell, Kimberlé Crenshaw.
10. (ix) LAW AND ECONOMICS: economic analysis of law; key thinkers — Ronald Coase, Richard Posner, Gary Becker.
11. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: Legal Research Methodology + Jurisprudence — Schools of Jurisprudence_
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