'CONSTITUTIONALISM' as a research theme examines:

Question

Accepted Answer

B. LIMITED GOVERNMENT under law; SEPARATION OF POWERS; CHECKS AND BALANCES; RIGHTS PROTECTION; JUDICIAL REVIEW; INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS — both descriptive (how systems work) and normative (how they should work)

1. CONSTITUTIONALISM is the doctrine and practice of LIMITED GOVERNMENT under law.
2. CORE ELEMENTS:
3. (i) LIMITED GOVERNMENT — government acts only within powers conferred by constitution;
4. (ii) SEPARATION OF POWERS — legislature, executive, judiciary;
5. (iii) CHECKS AND BALANCES — between branches;
6. (iv) BILL OF RIGHTS — fundamental rights protected;
7. (v) JUDICIAL REVIEW — courts enforce constitutional limits;
8. (vi) INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS — Election Commission, CAG, CVC;
9. (vii) RULE OF LAW — equality before law, due process.
10. INDIAN CONSTITUTIONALISM features:
11. (i) Federalism with strong Centre;
12. (ii) Parliamentary system;
13. (iii) Basic structure doctrine (Kesavananda);
14. (iv) Strong judicial review;
15. (v) DPSP-FR balance.
16. THEORISTS: Dicey (Rule of Law); Madison (separation of powers); modern: Bruce Ackerman, Ronald Dworkin, Mark Tushnet.
17. INDIAN: B.R. Ambedkar (Constituent Assembly Debates); Granville Austin ('The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation' 1966); Upendra Baxi.
18. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: Legal Research Methodology + Jurisprudence — Constitutionalism theory_

Answer

only constitutions (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory)

Answer

only courts (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory)

Answer

only laws (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory) (cf. Constitutionalism theory)