'ACCESS TO JUSTICE' as a research theme examines:

Question

Accepted Answer

D. BARRIERS to legal remedies — economic (cost), geographic (distance), informational (literacy), social (caste, gender, language); IMPROVING access through legal aid, mobile courts, lok adalats, mediation, simplified procedures

1. ACCESS TO JUSTICE refers to people's actual ability to use legal institutions to address grievances.
2. KEY ARTICULATIONS:
3. (i) Mauro Cappelletti's 'Florence Project' on access to justice (1978);
4. (ii) Indian: Krishna Iyer J. and Justice P.N. Bhagwati's contributions;
5. (iii) Article 39A DPSP (free legal aid).
6. BARRIERS:
7. (i) ECONOMIC — court fees, lawyer fees, time costs;
8. (ii) GEOGRAPHIC — distant courts in rural India;
9. (iii) INFORMATIONAL — legal illiteracy, complexity;
10. (iv) SOCIAL — caste, gender, language, religion;
11. (v) PROCEDURAL — delays, formality.
12. INDIAN MECHANISMS:
13. (i) Legal Services Authorities (NALSA Act 1987) — free legal aid;
14. (ii) Lok Adalats — alternative dispute resolution;
15. (iii) Mobile courts, Gram Nyayalayas;
16. (iv) PIL relaxed locus standi;
17. (v) E-courts and digital access;
18. (vi) Tele-Law (NALSA, Common Service Centres).
19. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: Legal Research Methodology + Jurisprudence — Access to Justice movement_

Answer

only judicial process (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement)

Answer

only lawyers (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement)

Answer

only courts (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement) (cf. Access to Justice movement)