'ACCESS TO JUSTICE' as a research theme examines:
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D.
1. ACCESS TO JUSTICE refers to people's actual ability to use legal institutions to address grievances.
2. KEY ARTICULATIONS:
3. (i) Mauro Cappelletti's 'Florence Project' on access to justice (1978);
4. (ii) Indian: Krishna Iyer J. and Justice P.N. Bhagwati's contributions;
5. (iii) Article 39A DPSP (free legal aid).
6. BARRIERS:
7. (i) ECONOMIC — court fees, lawyer fees, time costs;
8. (ii) GEOGRAPHIC — distant courts in rural India;
9. (iii) INFORMATIONAL — legal illiteracy, complexity;
10. (iv) SOCIAL — caste, gender, language, religion;
11. (v) PROCEDURAL — delays, formality.
12. INDIAN MECHANISMS:
13. (i) Legal Services Authorities (NALSA Act 1987) — free legal aid;
14. (ii) Lok Adalats — alternative dispute resolution;
15. (iii) Mobile courts, Gram Nyayalayas;
16. (iv) PIL relaxed locus standi;
17. (v) E-courts and digital access;
18. (vi) Tele-Law (NALSA, Common Service Centres).
19. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: Legal Research Methodology + Jurisprudence — Access to Justice movement_
Related questions
ETHICS in legal research with HUMAN SUBJECTS require:'LIBERAL FEMINISM' in legal theory (Susan Moller Okin, Martha Nussbaum) advocates:RICHARD POSNER's 'PRAGMATIC JURISPRUDENCE' rejects:'NATURAL LAW' versus 'POSITIVE LAW' debate centers on:'CONSTITUTIONALISM' as a research theme examines:'SOCIO-LEGAL STUDIES' in India is associated with:'LEX MERCATORIA' (medieval merchant law) and modern transnational commercial law:'EVIDENCE-BASED LAW REFORM' approach to law-making advocates: