The MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER 1987 is considered the:
AMOST SUCCESSFUL international environmental treaty — universally ratified, phased out 99% of ozone-depleting substances; the ozone layer is now recovering
Bleast successful international environmental treaty (cf. Montreal Protocol 1987 (under Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985))
Cpurely advisory framework with no implementation (cf. Montreal Protocol 1987 (under Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985))
Dtreaty about climate change emissions reductions (cf. Montreal Protocol 1987 (under Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985))
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. MOST SUCCESSFUL international environmental treaty — universally ratified, phased out 99% of ozone-depleting substances; the ozone layer is now recovering
1. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was adopted on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989.
2. Adopted under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985.
3. The Protocol phases out CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs), HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (HCFCs), HALONS, etc.
4. Universally ratified — all 198 UN Member States are Parties.
5. The Multilateral Fund supports developing countries' transition.
6. The KIGALI AMENDMENT 2016 added HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFCs, used as CFC substitutes but also potent greenhouse gases) — enabling additional climate benefits.
7. India ratified the Kigali Amendment in 2021.
8. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: EPA 1986 / Constitution of India / Stockholm/Rio/Paris / Indian SC environmental jurisprudence — Montreal Protocol 1987 (under Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985)_
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