Under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement 2015, each Party shall prepare and communicate successive:
Amandatory binding emission reductions set unilaterally by the UNFCCC Secretariat (cf. Paris Agreement 2015, Article 4) (cf. Paris Agreement 2015, Article 4)
Bcompulsory carbon tax submissions of equal value across all States (cf. Paris Agreement 2015, Article 4) (cf. Paris Agreement 2015, Article 4)
CNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCs) that it intends to achieve — at increasingly ambitious levels of climate action (no backsliding), with bottom-up architecture
Dspecific deforestation targets dictated by major industrial countries (cf. Paris Agreement 2015, Article 4) (cf. Paris Agreement 2015, Article 4)
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C. NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCs) that it intends to achieve — at increasingly ambitious levels of climate action (no backsliding), with bottom-up architecture
1. Article 4(2) Paris Agreement: 'Each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions that it intends to achieve.'
2. The NDC mechanism is the 'bottom-up' architecture of Paris (in contrast to top-down Kyoto Protocol targets).
3. Article 4(3): Each Party's successive NDC will represent a PROGRESSION beyond the previous one — the 'NO BACKSLIDING' principle.
4. Article 4(9): Each Party shall communicate an NDC every 5 years.
5. Article 14: Global Stocktake every 5 years (first in 2023).
6. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: EPA 1986 / Constitution of India / Stockholm/Rio/Paris / Indian SC environmental jurisprudence — Paris Agreement 2015, Article 4_
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