Article 253 Constitution of India was invoked to enact key environmental laws after India ratified the:
AGATT 1947 trade agreement and subsequent WTO Agreement 1995 (cf. Constitution of India, Article 253; Stockholm Declaration 1972; Water/Air/EPA)
BSTOCKHOLM DECLARATION on the Human Environment 1972 — leading to Water Act 1974, Air Act 1981, EPA 1986
CHague Convention on Civil Procedure (cf. Constitution of India, Article 253; Stockholm Declaration 1972; Water/Air/EPA)
DVienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 (cf. Constitution of India, Article 253; Stockholm Declaration 1972; Water/Air/EPA)
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: B. STOCKHOLM DECLARATION on the Human Environment 1972 — leading to Water Act 1974, Air Act 1981, EPA 1986
1. India was party to the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment 1972.
2. To give effect to Stockholm obligations, the Indian Parliament invoked Article 253 (legislative power to implement treaties, overriding the Lists in Seventh Schedule).
3. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 — enacted under Article 252 (resolution by States) AND extended via Article 253 (Stockholm obligations).
4. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 — Article 253.
5. Environment (Protection) Act 1986 — Article 253 (post-Bhopal Gas Tragedy 1984).
6. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: EPA 1986 / Constitution of India / Stockholm/Rio/Paris / Indian SC environmental jurisprudence — Constitution of India, Article 253; Stockholm Declaration 1972; Water/Air/EPA_
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