The Geneva Conventions of 1949 contain a 'mini convention' applicable to NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS:
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A.
1. Common Article 3 to all four Geneva Conventions of 1949 applies to ARMED CONFLICTS NOT OF AN INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER.
2. It prohibits: (a) violence to life and person (murder, mutilation, torture); (b) taking of hostages; (c) outrages on personal dignity; (d) sentences and executions without prior judgment by a regularly constituted court with judicial guarantees.
3. The ICJ in Nicaragua case (1986) held Common Article 3 reflects customary international law as 'elementary considerations of humanity'.
4. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: International HR Treaties + Indian Constitutional Jurisprudence — Geneva Conventions 1949, Common Article 3_
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