The RIGHT OF INNOCENT PASSAGE through the territorial sea (Articles 17-32 UNCLOS) means passage:
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A.
1. Article 17 UNCLOS: 'Subject to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.'
2. Article 18: passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of (a) traversing without entering internal waters, or (b) proceeding to or from internal waters; expeditious and continuous, except as provided in this Convention.
3. Article 19(1): passage is INNOCENT so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State.
4. Article 19(2) enumerates 12 NON-INNOCENT activities including threat or use of force, exercises with weapons, intelligence, propaganda, launching aircraft, etc.
5. Article 20: submarines must NAVIGATE ON THE SURFACE and show their flag during innocent passage.
6. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: UN Charter 1945 / Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties 1969 / Geneva Conventions 1949 / ICJ Statute / UDHR ICCPR ICESCR — UNCLOS 1982, Articles 17-32 (Innocent Passage)_
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