Under Article 21 ARSIWA, SELF-DEFENCE is recognized as a CIRCUMSTANCE PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS where:
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C.
1. Article 21 ARSIWA: 'The wrongfulness of an act of a State is precluded if the act constitutes a lawful measure of SELF-DEFENCE taken in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.'
2. The reference to Article 51 UN Charter is implicit — armed attack required.
3. Other circumstances precluding wrongfulness (Articles 20-25 ARSIWA): consent (20), self-defence (21), countermeasures (22), force majeure (23), distress (24), necessity (25).
4. Hence option A is correct.
_Source: UN Charter 1945 / Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties 1969 / Geneva Conventions 1949 / ICJ Statute / UDHR ICCPR ICESCR — ARSIWA 2001, Article 21_
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