UN PEACEKEEPING operations have no express basis in any single Charter article but are based on a combination of:

1. The UN Charter has no express provision for PEACEKEEPING (it was created as a practical response in the 1956 Suez Crisis — UNEF I). 2. Peacekeeping operations are based partly on Chapter VI (consent of parties, traditional/classical model — observation, monitoring) and partly on Chapter VII (robust mandates with use of force authorised — e.g. MINUSMA in Mali). 3. Dag Hammarskjöld referred to peacekeeping as 'Chapter Six and a Half' — between peaceful settlement and enforcement. 4. Modern multidimensional peacekeeping (e.g. MONUSCO in DR Congo, MINUSMA in Mali) often has explicit Chapter VII mandates. 5. Hence option B is correct. _Source: UN Charter 1945 / Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties 1969 / ICJ Statute / ARSIWA 2001 — UN Charter 1945, Chapters VI and VII; UNSC Resolutions establishing peacekeeping missions_