Which case overruled the proposition in A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 27 that Fundamental Rights are 'mutually exclusive' silos?
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A.
1. A. K. Gopalan (1950) treated the Fundamental Rights as separate, mutually exclusive provisions — each tested only against its own ground of restriction.
2. R. C. Cooper (Bank Nationalisation case, 1970) was the first decisive break, holding that a law could be tested against the cumulative impact of multiple Fundamental Rights.
3. Maneka Gandhi (1978) consolidated the new approach and read Articles 14, 19 and 21 together as a 'golden triangle'.
4. Kesavananda (basic structure) and Minerva Mills / Coelho (Ninth Schedule) addressed different issues.
_Source: Constitution of India (Bare Act, updated to 105th Amendment Act 2021), Govt. of India Legislative Dept., R.C. Cooper v. Union of India (1970); Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)_
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