Article 352 of the Constitution authorises the President to proclaim a National Emergency on the ground of:
Awar, external aggression, or armed rebellion (after the 44th Amendment Act, 1978 substitution)
Ban outbreak of an epidemic of communicable disease in any State of the Union
Cany failure of the State machinery to comply with directions of the Union
Da natural calamity (cyclone, earthquake or flood) affecting a State seriously
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. war, external aggression, or armed rebellion (after the 44th Amendment Act, 1978 substitution)
1. Article 352(1), as substituted by the Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978, authorises a National Emergency on grounds of war, external aggression OR armed rebellion.
2. The original phrase 'internal disturbance' was replaced by 'armed rebellion' to prevent abuse, as had happened during the 1975-77 Emergency.
3. Failure of the State machinery falls under Article 356.
4. Epidemics and natural calamities are not constitutional grounds under Article 352.
_Source: Constitution of India (Bare Act, updated to 105th Amendment Act 2021), Govt. of India Legislative Dept., Article 352(1); 44th Amendment Act 1978_
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