In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597, the Supreme Court held that:
AArticle 21 protects only physical liberty and excludes the right to travel abroad altogether
BArticle 19 freedoms can be restricted by mere executive order without statutory backing
CArticle 21 has no nexus with Articles 14 and 19, contrary to the suggestion in R. C. Cooper
DThe procedure under Article 21 must be 'just, fair and reasonable', and Articles 14, 19 and 21 are linked
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. The procedure under Article 21 must be 'just, fair and reasonable', and Articles 14, 19 and 21 are linked
1. Maneka Gandhi overruled the narrow view in A. K. Gopalan (1950) and held that the rights in Articles 14, 19 and 21 are not water-tight compartments but form a 'golden triangle'.
2. The Court held that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be just, fair and reasonable — substantially importing American 'due process'.
3. The right to travel abroad was held to be part of personal liberty.
4. Hence option D captures the holding; the others are contrary to the judgment.
_Source: Constitution of India (Bare Act, updated to 105th Amendment Act 2021), Govt. of India Legislative Dept., Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597_
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