The grounds 'sovereignty and integrity of India' and 'friendly relations with foreign States' were inserted into Article 19(2) by:
AThe original Constitution itself, with no later modification of Article 19(2) restrictions
BThe Sixteenth Amendment Act, 1963 (friendly relations) and the Forty-second Amendment Act, 1976 (sovereignty)
CThe First Amendment Act, 1951 (friendly relations) and the Sixteenth Amendment Act, 1963 (sovereignty)
DThe Forty-fourth Amendment Act, 1978 alone, after the Emergency-era amendments lapsed
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C. The First Amendment Act, 1951 (friendly relations) and the Sixteenth Amendment Act, 1963 (sovereignty)
1. Article 19(2), as originally enacted, did not contain the words 'friendly relations with foreign States' — these were added by the First Amendment Act, 1951.
2. 'Sovereignty and integrity of India' was added by the Sixteenth Amendment Act, 1963 (after the 1962 Sino-Indian War).
3. The 42nd Amendment did not insert these grounds, and the 44th Amendment is associated with restoring liberties post-Emergency.
4. Hence option A is correct.
_Source: Constitution of India (Bare Act, updated to 105th Amendment Act 2021), Govt. of India Legislative Dept., First Amendment 1951; Sixteenth Amendment 1963_
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