Article 15(4), permitting the State to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, was inserted by which constitutional amendment?
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: B.
1. Article 15(4) was inserted by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, in response to State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan, AIR 1951 SC 226, which had struck down communal reservations as violating Article 15(1).
2. Article 15(5) was inserted by the 93rd Amendment, 2005 (for educational institutions, including private unaided ones).
3. The 24th Amendment relates to Article 368 (the amending power).
4. The 42nd Amendment expanded Article 31C among other changes.
_Source: Constitution of India (Bare Act, updated to 105th Amendment Act 2021), Govt. of India Legislative Dept., Article 15(4); First Amendment Act 1951_
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