Article 12 of the Constitution defines 'the State' for the purposes of Part III. Which one of the following is NOT covered by that definition?
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D.
1. Article 12 defines 'the State' as including the Government and Parliament of India, the Government and Legislature of each State, and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the Government of India's control.
2. A purely private individual not exercising any statutory or governmental function falls OUTSIDE this definition.
3. The expression 'other authorities' has been broadened by the Court but still requires deep and pervasive State control (Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib, AIR 1981 SC 487).
4. Hence option A is excluded.
_Source: Constitution of India (Bare Act, updated to 105th Amendment Act 2021), Govt. of India Legislative Dept., Article 12_
Related questions
In National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India, (2014) 5 SCC 438, the SuprThe Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019 — providing 10 per cent reservation for EconoArticle 131 of the Constitution confers on the Supreme Court of India:Which case overruled the proposition in A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 27 tArticles 280 (Finance Commission) and 281 (recommendations of the Finance Commission) beloThe Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution lists subjects that may be devolved by State LegArticles 243 to 243-O of the Constitution, inserted by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992, deal The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in