According to Tulving's retrieval failure theory, why is information sometimes not recalled even though it is still stored?
AInformation moved from long-term back into sensory memory
BMemory traces have physically faded from the brain due to disuse
CInformation was never encoded into the long-term memory store
DRetrieval cues at the time of recall are absent or inappropriate
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. Retrieval cues at the time of recall are absent or inappropriate
1. The chapter introduces a third forgetting theory after trace decay and interference.
2. This view, advanced by Tulving and associates, attributes forgetting to retrieval cue problems.
3. Cues are aids that help recover information stored in memory.
4. Forgetting occurs when these cues are either absent or inappropriate at the time of recall.
5. Distractor 2 describes the disuse theory, distractor 3 contradicts the assumption that information was stored.
6. Hence the retrieval failure cause is absent or inappropriate retrieval cues.
_Source: NCERT Class 11 Psychology Ch 6 "Human Memory", p. 105, Forgetting due to Retrieval Failure_
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