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In Maneka Gandhi v UoI (1978), the Supreme Court held that 'procedure established by law' under Article 21
AMeans any procedure that has been enacted, however arbitrary
BMust be just, fair and reasonable, satisfying the standards of Article 14 and 19
CIs identical to the American 'due process' clause in form and content
DApplies only to citizens and not to foreigners
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: B. Must be just, fair and reasonable, satisfying the standards of Article 14 and 19
Maneka Gandhi overruled the narrow Gopalan reading. The procedure must withstand Article 14 (reasonable classification) and Article 19 (proportionality). The Indian formulation differs in form from the US Due Process Clause but converges in substance.
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