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Effective length L_e for fixed-free (cantilever) column is:
AL
BL/2
C2L (least efficient end condition)
D0.5L
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C. 2L (least efficient end condition)
Effective length factor K = L_e/L: pinned-pinned K=1.0; fixed-fixed K=0.5; fixed-pinned K=0.7 (or 0.699); fixed-free K=2.0. Lower K → higher buckling load (lower L_e). Fixed-fixed buckles at 4× pinned-pinned. Fixed-free buckles at 1/4 of pinned-pinned.
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