In chronic and severe liver disease, which change is the mechanism that produces edema?

1. Fluid crossing a capillary wall is governed by hydrostatic pressure pushing out and colloid osmotic pressure pulling in. 2. Colloid osmotic pressure is generated by the plasma proteins circulating in the blood. 3. A diseased liver cannot manufacture those plasma proteins in normal amounts. 4. Plasma protein levels fall, so colloid osmotic pressure falls with them. 5. The counterbalance to hydrostatic pressure is lost, and water leaves the blood for the tissues. 6. A rise in capillary hydrostatic pressure is the separate mechanism seen in heart failure, where blood backs up. 7. Interstitial protein does not rise here, because the shortage is a failure to make protein at all. _Source: OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology (CC BY 4.0), Ch 26 "Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance", section Fluid Balance: Edema_