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The two core techniques that enabled modern biotechnology as per NCERT Ch 9 are
A{'text': 'Genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering methods', 'label': 'A'}
B{'text': 'Traditional fermentation and industrial distillation methods', 'label': 'B'}
C{'text': 'Tissue culture and animal-cell cloning techniques only', 'label': 'C'}
D{'text': 'Plant hybridisation and horticultural grafting methods', 'label': 'D'}
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. {'text': 'Genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering methods', 'label': 'A'}
1. NCERT names two core enabling techniques for modern biotechnology.
2. Genetic engineering alters the chemistry of DNA/RNA and introduces changes into hosts.
3. Bioprocess engineering maintains sterile conditions for large-scale cultivation of desired microbes.
4. Together they support recombinant-DNA-driven, industrial-scale biotechnology.
_Source: NCERT Class 12 Biology, Ch 9 "Biotechnology: Principles and Processes", §9.1_
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