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For a synchronous counter with N flip-flops, the maximum count modulus is which value?

AN + 1 always at all times
B2^N (e.g. 4 FF count 0..15)
CN² always at all bias levels
D2·N always at all logic levels
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: B. 2^N (e.g. 4 FF count 0..15)
N flip-flops have 2^N distinct states. A binary counter using all states has modulus 2^N. Modulo-M (M < 2^N) counters need decode + reset logic.
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