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Which of the following BEST states the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles in the Indian Constitution after Minerva Mills v UoI (1980)?
ADPSPs are wholly non-justiciable and irrelevant
BDPSPs override Fundamental Rights in all cases
CFundamental Rights override DPSPs in all cases
DFundamental Rights and DPSPs are complementary; harmony between them is part of the basic structure
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. Fundamental Rights and DPSPs are complementary; harmony between them is part of the basic structure
Minerva Mills (1980): the harmony and balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles is an essential feature of the basic structure. Earlier cases (Kesavananda 1973; Golaknath 1967) framed the relationship; Minerva settled it.
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