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AP Intermediate 1st Year Unit 6A: Toxicology, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Hazards — practice questions

Explore 10 free Unit 6A: Toxicology, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Hazards questions in AP Intermediate 1st Year Environmental Science. Open each question or exercise to read its content, reference answers and available explanation.

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Unit 6A: Toxicology, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Hazards questions and exercises with answers

Showing questions 1–10 of 10.

The osmolarity of the medullary interstitium ranges approximately fromRead the answer and worked solution →Aldosterone secreted by the adrenal cortex acts on the DCT toRead the answer and worked solution →Protonephridia (flame cells) are the excretory structures ofRead the answer and worked solution →ADH (vasopressin) acts mainly on theRead the answer and worked solution →The Bowman's capsule visceral layer is composed of specialised cells calledRead the answer and worked solution →Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is released by theRead the answer and worked solution →In humans, the ascending limb of Henle is impermeable to water mainly becauseRead the answer and worked solution →The vasa recta arises fromRead the answer and worked solution →Renal calculi are typically formed byRead the answer and worked solution →Uraemia refers toRead the answer and worked solution →

Worked practice questions

The osmolarity of the medullary interstitium ranges approximately from

  1. 50 to 150 mOsm/L in the medulla
  2. 300 to 1200 mOsm/L in the medulla
  3. Always 300 mOsm/L like blood plasma
  4. Always 1200 mOsm/L like inner medulla
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Correct answer: B. 300 to 1200 mOsm/L in the medulla

The corticomedullary osmotic gradient runs from ~300 mOsm/L in the cortex to ~1200 mOsm/L in the inner medulla. NaCl and urea recycling produce the gradient. Human kidneys can concentrate urine to about 4x plasma.

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Aldosterone secreted by the adrenal cortex acts on the DCT to

  1. Increase reabsorption of sodium and water
  2. Decrease reabsorption of sodium and water
  3. Increase secretion of glucose and urea
  4. Decrease all forms of tubular activity
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Correct answer: A. Increase reabsorption of sodium and water

Aldosterone (released in response to angiotensin II or low Na+) acts on the DCT and collecting duct to increase Na+ reabsorption (with water following) and K+ secretion. It expands ECF volume.

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Protonephridia (flame cells) are the excretory structures of

  1. Earthworms and other annelids
  2. Platyhelminthes, rotifers and Amphioxus
  3. Insects including cockroaches
  4. Crustaceans like prawns and crabs
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Correct answer: B. Platyhelminthes, rotifers and Amphioxus

Protonephridia are flame-cell-based excretory structures of flatworms (Platyhelminthes), rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate Amphioxus. They focus on osmoregulation more than nitrogen excretion.

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