alleryStart learning →In Working Stress Design (WSD), modular ratio m =
AE_steel / E_concrete = 280/(3 × σ_cbc)
BJust 10
CE_s × E_c
DE_c / E_s
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. E_steel / E_concrete = 280/(3 × σ_cbc)
WSD modular ratio m = E_s / (E_c × short-term factor) = 280/(3 × σ_cbc) per IS 456. For M20 (σ_cbc = 7 MPa): m ≈ 13. Used to transform concrete + steel to equivalent steel (cracked section).
Limit State Design (preferred now) doesn't need m.
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