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In doped semiconductor at thermal equilibrium: n_e × n_h =

An_i (intrinsic value)
Bn_e
Cn_i² (law of mass action; product invariant despite doping)
D0
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C. n_i² (law of mass action; product invariant despite doping)
**Law of mass action:** n × p = n_i² regardless of doping. Doping increases one (majority) while decreasing other (minority) so product stays. **For n-type:** n ≈ N_d (donor concentration), p ≈ n_i²/N_d.
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