In rural communities with a shortage of wives, marriages often required payment of what to the bride's family?

1. High female mortality caused a shortage of wives. 2. Bride-price rather than dowry was paid. 3. Remarriage of widows was legitimate. _Source: syllabus Themes in Indian History Part II, Theme 8, Peasants, Zamindars and the State: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire._