With reference to the history of India, "Ulgulan" or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events?

Answer: D. ULGULAN refers to BIRSA MUNDA'S REVOLT OF 1899 to 1900. ULGULAN (literally 'Great Tumult' or 'Great Disturbance' in the Mundari language) was the name given to the BIRSA MUNDA MOVEMENT of 1899 to 1900 in the Chotanagpur region (now Jharkhand), one of the most significant tribal uprisings of colonial India. BIRSA MUNDA (c. 1875 to 1900), a young Munda leader from the village Ulihatu in present-day Khunti district, mobilised the Munda tribals against: 1. The DIKUS (outsider settlers including moneylenders, landlords, traders) who had grabbed traditional Munda lands. 2. The KHUNTKATTI system being eroded by zamindar incursions. 3. CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES whose conversions disrupted tribal solidarity. 4. The COLONIAL GOVERNMENT for failing to protect Munda land rights. Birsa proclaimed himself a religious prophet ('Dharti Aba' or Father of the Earth) and called for a Munda raj. He gave his community a new religion (the Birsait sect) and an organised political programme. The Ulgulan reached its peak on 24 December 1899 when Birsa launched coordinated attacks on police stations and missionary establishments. The British put down the uprising by early 1900. Birsa was captured in February 1900 and died (likely of cholera) in Ranchi jail on 9 June 1900, aged about 25. IMPACT: 1. The Ulgulan compelled the colonial government to enact the CHOTANAGPUR TENANCY ACT, 1908, which protected tribal land from alienation to non-tribals and recognised customary Munda land rights. 2. Birsa Munda became a foundational figure of tribal political consciousness. India observes 15 NOVEMBER (Birsa's birth anniversary) as JANJATIYA GAURAV DIVAS (Tribal Pride Day), instituted in 2021. Why other options are WRONG: (A) The Revolt of 1857 is known as the FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE / SEPOY MUTINY / GHADAR. (B) The Mappila (Moplah) Rebellion of 1921 in Malabar was a Muslim peasant uprising against landlords and the British, with no connection to 'ulgulan'. (C) The Indigo Revolt of 1859 to 1860 (Bengal) is called the NEEL VIDROHA. Source: NCERT Class 8 Our Pasts III; K.S. Singh 'Birsa Munda and His Movement'; Ranajit Guha 'Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India'.