ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯕꯨ ꯄꯜꯂꯗꯨꯅꯥ, “ꯀꯨꯜꯌꯕꯞ” ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ “ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯥꯕꯞ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫

ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ : A. KULYAVAPA ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ DRONAVAPA ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ UNITS OF LAND MEASUREMENT ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯀꯨꯂꯌꯥꯚꯥꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯥꯚꯥꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ TERMS FOR MEASURES OF LANDꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯒꯨꯞꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯒꯨꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯒꯤ EASTERN INDIAN INSCRIPTIONSꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯤꯍꯥꯔꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ETYMOLOGY: ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ AREA OF LAND IN WHICH A GIVEN QUANTITY OF SEED WOULD BE SOWN (ꯂꯧꯎ-ꯁꯤꯡꯎꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯃꯥꯄꯂꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯚꯦ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯃꯤ) ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯔꯣꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯆꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯨꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ 1. ꯀꯨꯂꯌꯥꯚꯥꯄꯥ: ꯀꯨꯂꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ꯫ ꯀꯨꯂꯌꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯌꯨꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ 2. ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯥꯚꯥꯄꯥ: ꯕꯤꯖꯒꯤ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ꯫ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯈꯣꯉꯊꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯀꯨꯂꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯄꯥꯜ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒꯨꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ COPPER-PLATE INSCRIPTIONS (ꯗꯥꯃꯣꯗꯥꯔꯄꯨꯔ, ꯐꯔꯤꯗꯄꯨꯔ, ꯃꯦꯍꯥꯔ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯇ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯂꯥ-ꯁꯦꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯍ꯭ꯃꯅꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯣꯅꯥꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯃꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯖꯁꯤꯡ (ꯕ꯭ꯔꯍ꯭ꯃꯥꯗꯦꯌ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯦꯕꯗꯟ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ) ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ **OTHER REGIONAL UNITS ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ:** NIVARTANA, BHUMI, ADHAVAPA, ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯂꯒꯤ ꯂꯤꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ VELI ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ MA ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯇꯤꯍꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯝ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯃꯒꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯂꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯏꯀꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯉꯍꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯏ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ WRONG ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯅꯣ: (B) ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡ (ꯀꯔꯁꯄꯅꯥ, ꯗꯤꯅꯥꯔꯥ, ꯁꯇꯃꯅꯥ, ꯁꯨꯕꯔꯅꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯅꯤ, ꯀꯨꯂꯌꯕꯞ/ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯥꯕꯄ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ (ꯒ) ꯁꯍꯔꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ‘ꯕꯁ꯭ꯇꯨ’, ‘ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯍꯥ’, ‘ꯕꯇꯤꯀꯥ’ꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ (D) ꯙꯔꯝꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯖ꯭ꯅꯥ, ꯕ꯭ꯔꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯛꯀꯅꯤ, ꯂꯝ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯁꯣꯔꯁ: ꯁꯤꯂꯦꯕꯁ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯍꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯊꯤꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯔꯠ I ‘ꯀꯤꯡꯁ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔꯁ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯇꯥꯎꯅꯁ’ ꯗꯥꯏꯅꯦꯁ ꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔ ꯁꯤꯔꯀꯥꯔ ‘ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯦꯄꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯤ’ ꯑꯥꯔ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯁꯔꯃꯥ ‘ꯏꯔꯂꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ’꯫