Other than the Fundamental Rights, which of the following parts of the Constitution of India reflect/reflects the principles and provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)? 1. Preamble 2. Directive Principles of State Policy 3. Fundamental Duties Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Answer: D. THE PREAMBLE, DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES, AND FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES — all three reflect UDHR principles. The UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR), adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948 (drafted by a committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, with significant input from Hansa Mehta of India), is the foundational global statement of human rights. India was an active participant. Hansa Mehta is credited with changing 'All men are born free and equal' to 'All HUMAN BEINGS are born free and equal' (Article 1). While FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (Part III) most directly mirror civil and political rights of the UDHR, the QUESTION ASKS ABOUT OTHER PARTS. (1) PREAMBLE — CORRECT. The Preamble's commitments to JUSTICE (social, economic, political), LIBERTY (of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship), EQUALITY (of status and opportunity), and FRATERNITY (assuring dignity of the individual) closely mirror UDHR Articles on dignity, liberty, equality, and brotherhood (UDHR Article 1: 'All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights'). (2) DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (DPSP, Part IV) — CORRECT. These reflect the ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS of the UDHR — work and education (UDHR Articles 23, 26), health and adequate standard of living (Article 25), social security (Article 22), participation in cultural life (Article 27). Article 39 (equal pay, distribution of resources), Article 41 (right to work), Article 45 (early childhood care), Article 47 (nutrition) — all align with UDHR. (3) FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES (Part IVA, Article 51A, added by 42nd Amendment 1976) — CORRECT. These reflect the UDHR's ARTICLE 29(1): 'Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.' Fundamental Duties — abide by Constitution, cherish ideals of freedom struggle, protect sovereignty, harmony, environment, scientific temper, compassion etc. — embody the UDHR's recognition that rights and duties are co-relative. So all three — Preamble, DPSP, Fundamental Duties — are inspired by/reflective of the UDHR. Source: NCERT Class 11 Indian Constitution at Work / UDHR 1948 / D.D. Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India.