With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State. 2. The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of Vijayanagara Empire. 3. Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Answer: B. Only statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is WRONG. THE NIZAMAT OF ARCOT (Carnatic) did NOT emerge out of Hyderabad State as an independent entity in the way the statement implies. The NAWAB OF CARNATIC was a subordinate of the NIZAM OF HYDERABAD (who, in turn, was a Mughal subahdar of the Deccan). In the early 18th century the Nawab of Carnatic GRADUALLY BECAME AUTONOMOUS — but he was always a SUBSIDIARY/VASSAL of Hyderabad, not a clean 'emergence out of Hyderabad'. UPSC's official key marks this as incorrect because the wording suggests separation, whereas the relationship was a feudatory one within the Mughal-Nizam framework. The Nawab of Arcot eventually became a direct ally/dependent of the English East India Company after the Carnatic Wars. Statement 2 is CORRECT. The KINGDOM OF MYSORE (under the WODEYAR dynasty) EMERGED OUT OF THE VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE'S DECLINE. After the BATTLE OF TALIKOTA (1565) crushed Vijayanagara, its peripheral feudatories began to assert independence. The Wodeyars of Mysore, who had been a subordinate chieftaincy under Vijayanagara since the 14th century (founded by Yaduraya in 1399), DECLARED INDEPENDENCE under RAJA WODEYAR I around 1610-13 CE. They gradually expanded the kingdom; Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan later transformed it into a major South Indian power. Statement 3 is WRONG. The ROHILKHAND KINGDOM was NOT formed out of territory occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani (Abdali). It was established earlier, around 1707-21 CE, by AFGHAN PATHAN MIGRANTS (the ROHILLAS) led by DAUD KHAN and his successor ALI MUHAMMAD KHAN (founder of the Rohilla state) in the area between Ganga and Himalayas (present-day Bareilly region). The Rohilla state emerged from Mughal decline, NOT from Durrani conquests. Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasions (1748-67) interacted with Rohillas as allies, but did not create the kingdom. Source: NCERT Class 12 Themes in Indian History Part II references / Satish Chandra, Medieval India II.