Consider the following heavy industries: 1. Fertilizer plants 2. Oil refineries 3. Steel plants Green hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in decarbonizing how many of the above industries?

Answer: C. Green hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in decarbonising ALL THREE industries. (1) Fertilizer plants: YES. Conventional fertilizer production uses ammonia (NH3) synthesised via the Haber-Bosch process from grey hydrogen (made from natural gas with high CO2 emissions). Replacing grey with GREEN HYDROGEN (electrolysis from renewable electricity) is the most direct decarbonisation pathway for the ammonia and fertilizer industry. India's National Green Hydrogen Mission specifically targets fertilizer. (2) Oil refineries: YES. Refineries use vast amounts of hydrogen for hydroprocessing (hydrotreating, hydrocracking). Currently produced from natural gas (grey hydrogen) emitting CO2. Switching to green hydrogen substantially reduces refinery emissions. (3) Steel plants: YES. Steelmaking is one of the largest industrial CO2 emitters (about 7-9% of global emissions). DIRECT REDUCED IRON using GREEN HYDROGEN as a reducing agent (instead of coke) is the leading decarbonisation pathway. Sweden's HYBRIT, ArcelorMittal, Tata Steel and many global producers are piloting green hydrogen DRI. All three are key target sectors for green hydrogen. Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy National Green Hydrogen Mission / IEA Hydrogen reports.