Consider the following dynasties: 1. Hoysala 2. Gahadavala 3. Kakatiya 4. Yadava How many of the above dynasties established their kingdoms in early eighth century AD?

Answer: D. NONE of the four dynasties was established in the early eighth century AD. (1) Hoysala dynasty: Founded in the late 10th century to 11th century AD in southern Karnataka (capital Dwarasamudra/Halebid). Peak under Vishnuvardhana (1108-1152). NOT 8th century. (2) Gahadavala dynasty: Founded in the 11th century AD in Kannauj-Varanasi region of North India. Rulers include Govindachandra and Jayachandra (last major Hindu king of Kannauj, defeated by Muhammad Ghori 1194). NOT 8th century. (3) Kakatiya dynasty: Founded around the 12th century AD in Telangana/Andhra (capital Warangal). Rulers include Ganapatideva, Rudrama Devi, Prataparudra. NOT 8th century. (4) Yadava dynasty (Devagiri Yadavas): Founded in the late 9th to 10th century AD; peaked under Bhillama V (founded Devagiri c. 1187), Singhana, Ramachandra. NOT 8th century. All four are post-9th century dynasties. None fits the 'early 8th century' description. Source: NCERT Class 12 Themes in Indian History Part II Ch 1 (Through the Eyes of Travellers).