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Order the steps: test a conclusion with circles

Exercise and reference answers

Steps
  1. Draw a circle for each of the three classes
  2. Arrange them to satisfy the first premise
  3. Adjust them so the second premise also holds
  4. Look at what the diagram now forces about the two end classes
  5. Accept the conclusion only if every allowed arrangement supports it

Explanation

Draw what the premises allow, then look for what must follow. Source: Logic: Deductive and Inductive, Carveth Read (1898), public domain.
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