Article 21 protects a person from deprivation of life or personal liberty except by
A{'text': 'Executive order of the President', 'label': 'A'}
B{'text': 'Procedure established by law', 'label': 'B'}
C{'text': 'A resolution of Parliament', 'label': 'C'}
D{'text': 'A gazette notification of the State', 'label': 'D'}
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: B. {'text': 'Procedure established by law', 'label': 'B'}
1. Article 21 forbids deprivation of life or personal liberty except by "procedure established by law".
2. Following Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the procedure must be fair, just and reasonable.
3. An executive order alone cannot displace Article 21.
4. Article 21 has been read expansively to include right to privacy, education and a clean environment.
_Source: Constitution of India (as on May 2022), Part III, Art. 21_
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