'POSITIVISM' as articulated by JOSEPH RAZ (especially 'The Authority of Law' 1979):

1. JOSEPH RAZ (1939-2022) was a student of H.L.A. Hart and major analytical jurisprudent. 2. KEY POSITIONS: 3. (i) HARD/EXCLUSIVE POSITIVISM — legal validity depends ONLY on SOURCES (statutes, precedents, custom), NEVER on morality (in contrast to Hart's 'soft positivism' or 'inclusive positivism' which allows moral criteria in rule of recognition); 4. (ii) SOURCES THESIS — what is law is identifiable without recourse to moral argument; 5. (iii) SERVICE CONCEPTION of AUTHORITY — authorities serve subjects by giving them better reasons to act; authoritative directives PRE-EMPT first-order reasoning; (i.e., we should follow law not because each command is right, but because authority is needed for coordination); 6. (iv) PRACTICAL REASONING in law — legal reasoning is a form of practical reasoning. 7. INFLUENCE: Hart-Raz lineage dominates Oxford analytical jurisprudence. 8. Hence option B is correct. _Source: Legal Research Methodology + Jurisprudence — Joseph Raz, 'The Authority of Law' (1979); 'The Morality of Freedom' (1986)_