Exception 1 to Section 300 IPC reduces murder to culpable homicide not amounting to murder when:
Athe act is committed in the heat of passion upon grave and sudden provocation, satisfying its conditions
Bthe act is committed under any kind of mental stress, regardless of the source of the stress
Cthe act follows long-standing enmity between the parties pre-dating the event by months or years
Dthe offender feels remorse immediately after the act and surrenders to the nearest police station
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. the act is committed in the heat of passion upon grave and sudden provocation, satisfying its conditions
1. Exception 1 to Section 300 IPC reduces murder to culpable homicide where the offender, whilst deprived of the power of self-control by GRAVE AND SUDDEN PROVOCATION, causes the death of the person who gave the provocation or causes the death of any other person by mistake or accident.
2. Three provisos: (i) the provocation must not be sought or voluntarily provoked; (ii) the provocation must not be given by anything done in obedience to law; (iii) the provocation must not be given by anything done in the lawful exercise of the right of private defence.
3. K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra (1962) authoritatively laid down the 'reasonable man' test for grave and sudden provocation.
4. Mere stress, old enmity, or post-event remorse do not satisfy Exception 1.
5. Hence option A is correct.
_Source: Indian Penal Code 1860 / Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 / Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Bare Acts, indiacode.nic.in) — IPC, Section 300 Exception 1; K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1962 SC 605_
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