In Section 39 IPC ('voluntarily'), a person is said to cause an effect 'voluntarily' when he causes it by means whereby:
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A.
1. Section 39 IPC defines 'voluntarily': a person is said to cause an effect 'voluntarily' when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it.
2. The provision covers BOTH intention AND knowledge/likelihood — a wide notion of voluntariness.
3. Accidental causation is excluded by definition.
4. Omissions absolutely beyond control are excluded (Section 33 IPC treats illegal omissions as 'acts', but only when the omission is within the actor's control).
5. Hence option A is the verbatim text of Section 39.
_Source: Indian Penal Code 1860 / Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 / Indian Evidence Act 1872 (Bare Acts, indiacode.nic.in) — IPC, Section 39_
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