"Red tapism" refers to:
Astaff shortage
Bspeedy decision-making
Ccorruption alone
Dexcessive bureaucratic rules
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. excessive bureaucratic rules
1. Excessive procedural rigidity causing delays.
2. Originates from red ribbons binding 18th-century English legal documents.
3. A core complaint against bureaucracies.
__Source: NCERT Class 11 Political Theory — administrative critique__