Economic nationalism in 18th–19th century Europe most directly led to which of these outcomes?

1. The Economic Nationalism section explains how surplus production drove competition. 2. Each nation pursued its own economic growth while restricting rivals. 3. Measures included: prohibiting rival imports, heavy tolls, establishing colonies in Asia and Africa, fighting battles with natives. 4. Colony establishment is the listed outcome. _Source: Maharashtra Balbharati Std XII History, Ch 1 "Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science", §1.7 ¶1_