Haloalkanes are compounds derived from alkanes by

1. NCERT §6.1 (Classification of Haloalkanes): a haloalkane (alkyl halide) is an alkane in which one or more H atoms have been replaced by HALOGEN atoms (F, Cl, Br, or I). 2. General formula for monohaloalkanes: $\mathrm{C_nH_{2n+1}X}$, where X is the halogen. 3. Examples: $\mathrm{CH_3Cl}$ (chloromethane), $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2Br}$ (bromoethane), $\mathrm{(CH_3)_3CCl}$ (tert-butyl chloride). 4. Distinct from haloarenes (where the halogen is attached to an aromatic ring — e.g. $\mathrm{C_6H_5Cl}$ chlorobenzene). 5. Options B (alcohols), C (chain shortening), D (over-oxidation) describe different transformations. _Source: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Part 2, Ch 6 "Haloalkanes and Haloarenes", §6.1 (Classification), p. 1._