alleryIn an interaction, both species have lower fitness in each other’s presence. Which sign pair and interaction fit?
A(+,+), mutualism
B(+,−), predation
C(+,0), commensalism
D(−,−), competition
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. (−,−), competition
Competition harms the fitness of both interacting species, so its sign pair is (−,−). Mutualism benefits both; predation benefits the predator.
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