Maneka Gandhi v UoI (1978) imported into Article 21 the requirement that the 'procedure established by law' must be
AJUST, FAIR AND REASONABLE — satisfying the standards of Article 14 (non-arbitrariness) and Article 19 (proportionality); the 'golden triangle' was born here
BApproved by the Governor
CIdentical to the procedure in the United States
DAny procedure enacted by Parliament, however arbitrary
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. JUST, FAIR AND REASONABLE — satisfying the standards of Article 14 (non-arbitrariness) and Article 19 (proportionality); the 'golden triangle' was born here
Maneka Gandhi is the gateway to almost all subsequent criminal-procedure constitutional jurisprudence (Sunil Batra, Hussainara Khatoon, Bandhua Mukti Morcha, Mithu — death sentence for life-term prisoner, K S Puttaswamy).
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