alleryConsider: 'If you study, you will pass. You did not study. Therefore, you will not pass.' This is
AModus ponens (valid)
BDenying the antecedent (invalid)
CAffirming the consequent (invalid)
DModus tollens (valid)
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: B. Denying the antecedent (invalid)
P → Q; ¬P; ∴ ¬Q is invalid.
Even without studying, the student might pass by luck, prior knowledge or easy exam.
The valid mirror is modus tollens (P→Q, ¬Q ∴ ¬P).
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