'Past consideration' (i.e., something done before a promise) is
AAlways invalid worldwide
BValid only in commercial transactions in India
CAlways valid in English law and Indian law alike
DValid in Indian law under Section 2(d), but generally not in English law
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. Valid in Indian law under Section 2(d), but generally not in English law
Section 2(d) defines consideration to include acts done 'at the desire of the promisor' — even past acts. English common law generally treats past consideration as no consideration (Roscorla v Thomas 1842), subject to narrow exceptions.
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